{"data":[{"id":"245","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":245,"topgoose_id":2537,"tms_id":245,"display_name":"Vija Celmins","sort_name":"Celmins Vija","display_date":"1938–","begin_date":"1938","end_date":"0","biography":"\u003cp\u003eVija Celmins is known for her painstakingly rendered photorealist paintings and drawings, which examine such subjects as desert and ocean surfaces and nocturnal skies. The still lifes she made in the early 1960s, however, are among the artist’s most restrained and introspective works. In a series executed in 1964, while still a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, Celmins painted domestic objects from her Venice, California, studio— a lamp, a hotplate, a fan, a knife resting on a saucer—as an exercise in close looking. Situating these everyday things that relate to the basic necessities of heat, food, and light within fields of gray or brown, she created muted grounds that spurned the slick finishes and bright Pop colors favored by other Southern California artists at that time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"/collection/works/9516\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeater\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, a characteristic work from this series, a small space heater emits a contained orange glow while its electrical cord trails out of the picture plane, suggesting a larger space beyond the otherwise flattened composition. A tension between the illusion of warmth that radiates from luminous coils of \u003cem\u003eHeater\u003c/em\u003e and its physical absence from the canvas adds to the painting’s unnerving impact. While the subject of this work seems innocuous, its somber, shadowy rendering suggests something more ominous. Indeed, such darker subtexts appear in other, more pointedly political and austere works from this period. Celmins had begun looking to mass media—a \u003cem\u003eTime\u003c/em\u003e magazine cover depicting the 1965 Watts uprising in Los Angeles, and images of fighter planes on her television—for source material that reflected the turbulence of the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":true,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500078777","wikidata_id":"Q465777","popularity":0.5113636363636364,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:49.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:58:03.251-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/245/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/245/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"10714","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":10714,"topgoose_id":2536,"tms_id":10714,"display_name":"Francis Celentano","sort_name":"Celentano Francis","display_date":"1928–","begin_date":"1928","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q21486079","popularity":0.13920454545454544,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:49.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:57:01.383-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/10714/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/10714/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"244","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":244,"topgoose_id":2535,"tms_id":244,"display_name":"Daniel R. Celentano","sort_name":"Celentano Daniel R.","display_date":"1902–1980","begin_date":"1902","end_date":"1980","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q21481693","popularity":0.10227272727272728,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:48.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:56:02.143-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/244/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/244/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"7691","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":7691,"topgoose_id":2534,"tms_id":7691,"display_name":"Enrique Martinez Celaya","sort_name":"Celaya Enrique Martinez","display_date":"1964–","begin_date":"1964","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q5379753","popularity":0.08238636363636363,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:48.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:55:03.183-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/7691/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/7691/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"243","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":243,"topgoose_id":2533,"tms_id":243,"display_name":"Giorgio Cavallon","sort_name":"Cavallon Giorgio","display_date":"1904–1989","begin_date":"1904","end_date":"1989","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500006551","wikidata_id":"Q5563463","popularity":0.10227272727272728,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:47.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:54:02.368-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/243/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/243/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"9300","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":9300,"topgoose_id":2532,"tms_id":9300,"display_name":"Maurizio Cattelan","sort_name":"Cattelan Maurizio","display_date":"1960–","begin_date":"1960","end_date":"0","biography":"\u003cp\u003eMaurizio Cattelan has been called a huckster, a prankster, and a firebrand. He began making art at the end of the 1980s, demonstrating a penchant for the performative and talent as an escape artist. (Short of ideas for an exhibition in the early 1990s, he hung a string of knotted sheets from the window of the gallery, the inside of which he left bare.) Since then, Cattelan has developed a body of work consisting mainly of lifelike sculpture, including waxworks and animals reconstructed by taxidermy, and large-scale installations blending social and institutional critique. Interspersed among these—and equally disturbing— are poignant scenarios alluding to themes of innocence and mortality. A quintessential “post-studio” artist, Cattelan produces work on an exhibition-by-exhibition basis, using each scheduled project as a catalyst for new work. As he has said: “I really just take advantage of the exhibition situation. Because I don’t have a studio, I use shows as a means to get work produced.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen invited to participate in the \u003ca href=\"/exhibitions/biennial-2004\"\u003eWhitney Museum’s 2004 Biennial\u003c/a\u003e, he proposed a piece that was eventually deemed too controversial to be included in the exhibition. He made \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/20822\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUntitled\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e in response, using an existing work he created for a project in Kitakyushu, Japan—a sculpture from 2000 in which he depicted himself seated at a table with his head planted in a plate of spaghetti. Cattelan instructed that the piece be sealed in a box and buried in an undisclosed location inside the Whitney’s Marcel Breuer building. The work is now re-sited at the Whitney’s downtown location, where a wall label and accompanying engraving on a stone of the lobby floor are the only indications that it exists. This project—continuing his longstanding interest in institutional critique and public reception—is an implicit burial of his artistic voice beneath the Museum’s authority, something further underscored by the epitaph above, accompanying this text.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500116125","wikidata_id":"Q655398","popularity":0.32670454545454547,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:47.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:53:02.898-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/9300/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/9300/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"4456","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":4456,"topgoose_id":2531,"tms_id":4456,"display_name":"Elizabeth Catlett","sort_name":"Catlett Elizabeth","display_date":"1915–2012","begin_date":"1915","end_date":"2012","biography":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Elizabeth Catlett was the granddaughter of former slaves and grew up during a time of severe racial and gender discrimination in the United States, the prints and sculptures she produced during her nearly seven-decade career signal her belief in the dignity of humankind. Catlett credited \u003ca href=\"/artists/1447\"\u003eGrant Wood\u003c/a\u003e, with whom she studied painting at the University of Iowa, with encouraging her to focus on the subjects she knew most about. She took his advice to heart and began making depictions of African American women, often in the context of familial relationships or in settings suggesting larger social and political struggles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter becoming the first woman to receive an MFA from the University of Iowa, in 1940, Catlett studied ceramics at the Art Institute of Chicago. She became a vital figure of the Harlem Renaissance during its waning years in the early 1940s, and in 1946 she received a prestigious grant to travel to Mexico; she established permanent residency there the following year, and eventually became a Mexican citizen. \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/44134\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eHead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, one of her first terracotta sculptures,\nwas made there using an ancient coil\ntechnique native to the region. The close-\ncropped hair and slightly abstracted features\nseen in this serene and stately portrait\ntranscend the particular racial identity of\nCatlett’s subject, suggesting a universal\nportrayal of the venerable attributes of all\nwomen. As Catlett once explained, “I thought\nof sculpture as something more durable\nand timeless [than printmaking], and I\nfelt that it had to be more general in the idea\nthat I was trying to express.”\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500011840","wikidata_id":"Q290331","popularity":0.48295454545454547,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:42.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:52:05.186-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/4456/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/4456/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"16890","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":16890,"topgoose_id":2530,"tms_id":16890,"display_name":"Antoine Catala","sort_name":"Catala Antoine","display_date":"1975–","begin_date":"1975","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q19887589","popularity":0.05965909090909091,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:26:41.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-08-14T05:51:01.867-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/16890/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/16890/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"4781","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":4781,"topgoose_id":2529,"tms_id":4781,"display_name":"Andrew Castrucci","sort_name":"Castrucci 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