{"data":[{"id":"539","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":539,"topgoose_id":2118,"tms_id":539,"display_name":"Robert Grosvenor","sort_name":"Grosvenor Robert","display_date":"1937–2025","begin_date":"1937","end_date":"2025","biography":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Grosvenor grew up in Rhode Island\nand Arizona and studied art and design\nin Europe. In the 1960s he began to make\nlarge-scale, abstract geometric sculptures,\nexhibiting with a group of artists at the\npioneering Park Place gallery in New York.\nHis first one-person exhibition was\npresented there in 1965, and the following\nyear his sculpture was included in the Jewish\nMuseum’s landmark \u003cem\u003ePrimary Structures\u003c/em\u003e\nexhibition, one of the first museum\npresentations of Minimalist sculpture in the\nUnited States.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1966 Grosvenor made \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/1601\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e,\na reflective, maroon sculpture that is\ncantilevered from the ceiling and projects\ninto the room, hovering like a high-speed\nvehicle trapped in the confines of an\ninterior space. Titled after one of the Canary\nIslands, \u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e, like all of Grosvenor’s\nsculpture, has a strong material presence.\nThe pristine form and lacquer-covered\nfiberglass surface suggest an industrial,\nmachine-crafted object, but this work was\nactually made by hand. \u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e was\nconstructed specifically for the dimensions\nof the Dwan Gallery in Los Angeles, where\nit was first shown in 1966; its horizontal\nstructure and the relationship it creates\nbetween the ceiling, floor, and viewer\nare significant formal elements of the work.\nThe perspectival quality of this sculpture\nis difficult to discern in a photograph;\n\u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e is experienced most fully in person\nas one’s vantage point shifts within\nthe space. The geometric structure of\nGrosvenor’s early work is often associated\nwith a Minimalist sensibility, and his use\nof horizontal planes is reminiscent of Frank\nLloyd Wright’s design concepts. Yet it\nis the material and structural ambiguity,\nformal sophistication, and spatially\nastonishing experience of Grosvenor’s\nsculpture that makes it distinctive.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500053771","wikidata_id":"Q15432022","popularity":0.1643059490084986,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:00.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:08:06.169-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/539/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/539/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"537","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":537,"topgoose_id":2117,"tms_id":537,"display_name":"Sidney Gross","sort_name":"Gross Sidney","display_date":"1921–1969","begin_date":"1921","end_date":"1969","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500484396","wikidata_id":"Q22086722","popularity":0.1529745042492918,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:00.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:07:01.846-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/537/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/537/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"4875","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":4875,"topgoose_id":2116,"tms_id":4875,"display_name":"Sid Grossman","sort_name":"Grossman Sid","display_date":"1913–1955","begin_date":"1913","end_date":"1955","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q993355","popularity":0.07932011331444759,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:00:59.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:06:01.863-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/4875/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/4875/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"538","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":538,"topgoose_id":2115,"tms_id":538,"display_name":"Nancy Grossman","sort_name":"Grossman Nancy","display_date":"1940–","begin_date":"1940","end_date":"0","biography":"\u003cp\u003eAs a teenager, Nancy Grossman\nassisted at her parents’ dress factory in\nOneonta, New York, learning to sew\nand make patterns—skills she would employ\nin her most notable body of work, known\nas “Heads.” Grossman has worked in a\nrange of two- and three-dimensional\nmediums but is most identified with these\nfastidiously crafted, life-sized, leather-\ncovered sculptures of human heads, which\nshe began making in 1968 and continued\nto produce until the mid-1990s. Each head\nbegins as a block of wood that Grossman\ncarves, sands, and polishes before tautly\nwrapping it with pieces of leather—sourced\nfrom items such as biker jackets and\nboxing gloves—that are then joined together\nwith nails, stitches, and zippers. Additional\nadornments might include spikes, horns,\nand other protrusions; buckles, straps,\nand chains; noses fashioned from rubber\nor enamel; dentures; and eyes made of\nglass or buttons.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe eyes and mouth of \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/1097\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eHead\n1968\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, like those in many of Grossman’s head\nsculptures, are obscured, suggesting a\nsubject who is being silenced or restrained.\nAs the artist wrote in 1969: “This work\nhas to do with the taboos against . . . knowing\nwhat you know . . . and what you are not\nsupposed to know even though you do\nknow. . . . We are buckled and bound in our\ntaboos.” Created within the context of\nthe social and political upheavals of the late\n1960s, including, as Grossman elaborated\nthen, “the second-class citizenship of Blacks,\npolice brutality, corruption in the military,\nand hunger in America,” \u003cem\u003eHead 1968\u003c/em\u003e today\ntranscends a specific moment, instead\nsymbolizing the individual’s encounter with,\nand refusal or inability to respond to, the\ninjustices that surround us.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500067133","wikidata_id":"Q6962720","popularity":0.42209631728045327,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:00:58.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:05:02.691-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/538/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/538/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"5038","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":5038,"topgoose_id":2114,"tms_id":5038,"display_name":"James Gross","sort_name":"Gross 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