{"data":[{"id":"12365","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":12365,"topgoose_id":2154,"tms_id":12365,"display_name":"Skylar Fein","sort_name":"Fein Skylar","display_date":"1968–","begin_date":"1968","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q18575002","popularity":0.039660056657223795,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:11:18.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:44:02.022-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/12365/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/12365/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"10016","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":10016,"topgoose_id":2153,"tms_id":10016,"display_name":"Nicole Phungrasamee Fein","sort_name":"Fein Nicole Phungrasamee","display_date":"1974–","begin_date":"1974","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q63018841","popularity":0.07932011331444759,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:11:18.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:43:02.044-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/10016/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/10016/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"417","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":417,"topgoose_id":2152,"tms_id":417,"display_name":"Lyonel Feininger","sort_name":"Feininger Lyonel","display_date":"1871–1956","begin_date":"1871","end_date":"1956","biography":"\u003cp\u003eBorn in New York to German-American\nparents, Lyonel Feininger straddled two\nworlds. He spent much of his career in\nGermany, where he was a leading member\nof the avant-garde Expressionist groups\nDie Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter. But he\nreturned to the United States in 1937 under\nthe threat of Nazi persecution.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of Feininger’s most cherished\nand enduring subjects throughout his years\nin Germany was the church at Gelmeroda,\na small village on the outskirts of Weimar.\nThe Gothic structure appeared in his work as\nearly as 1908 and he eventually created\na series of thirteen monumental oils\ndevoted to the church and its spire that were\nexecuted over more than two decades.\nPainted not long after Feininger began\nteaching at the nearby Bauhaus, \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/386\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eGelmeroda,\nVIII\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e includes overlapping, prismatic planes\nof diaphanous color that infuse the modest\nstructure with a sense of epic grandeur.\nAt the composition’s lower edge, a group of\nchurchgoers is rendered as a series of\nsemitranslucent triangles, their diminutive\nsize reinforcing the church’s monumentality.\nBy portraying the fourteenth-century\nstructure in a language of geometric\nabstraction, Feininger sought to reconcile\nmodern imperatives with the romantic\nspirituality of Germany’s past. This objective\nreflected the utopian aspirations expressed\nby the Bauhaus in its manifesto, which\nused a woodcut by Feininger of a Gothic\ncathedral to represent its mission of\nuniting painting, architecture, and sculpture.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500115308","wikidata_id":"Q158255","popularity":0.35410764872521244,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:11:16.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:42:01.915-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/417/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/417/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"7572","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":7572,"topgoose_id":2151,"tms_id":7572,"display_name":"Andreas Feininger","sort_name":"Feininger Andreas","display_date":"1906–1999","begin_date":"1906","end_date":"1999","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500031430","wikidata_id":"Q497186","popularity":0.7563739376770539,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:55.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:41:01.633-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/7572/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/7572/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"416","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":416,"topgoose_id":2149,"tms_id":416,"display_name":"Paul Feeley","sort_name":"Feeley Paul","display_date":"1910–1966","begin_date":"1910","end_date":"1966","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500001039","wikidata_id":"Q7150600","popularity":0.0708215297450425,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:54.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:39:01.859-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/416/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/416/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"10941","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":10941,"topgoose_id":2148,"tms_id":10941,"display_name":"Joe Feddersen","sort_name":"Feddersen Joe","display_date":"1953–","begin_date":"1953","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500126669","wikidata_id":"Q6209785","popularity":0.07932011331444759,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:53.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:38:01.804-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/10941/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/10941/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"7964","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":7964,"topgoose_id":2147,"tms_id":7964,"display_name":"Vincent Fecteau","sort_name":"Fecteau Vincent","display_date":"1969–","begin_date":"1969","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500332872","wikidata_id":"Q7931788","popularity":0.12464589235127478,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:53.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:37:01.329-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/7964/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/7964/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"414","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":414,"topgoose_id":2145,"tms_id":414,"display_name":"Dean Fausett","sort_name":"Fausett Dean","display_date":"1913–","begin_date":"1913","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500048654","wikidata_id":"Q5246145","popularity":0.21246458923512748,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:51.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:35:02.063-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/414/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/414/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"4286","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":4286,"topgoose_id":2144,"tms_id":4286,"display_name":"Louis Faurer","sort_name":"Faurer Louis","display_date":"1916–2001","begin_date":"1916","end_date":"2001","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500022535","wikidata_id":"Q326011","popularity":0.09915014164305949,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:48.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:34:02.594-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/4286/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/4286/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"7894","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":7894,"topgoose_id":2143,"tms_id":7894,"display_name":"Omer Fast","sort_name":"Fast Omer","display_date":"1972–","begin_date":"1972","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500294256","wikidata_id":"Q7090096","popularity":0.07932011331444759,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:47.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:33:01.812-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/7894/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/7894/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"413","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":413,"topgoose_id":2142,"tms_id":413,"display_name":"Jerry Farnsworth","sort_name":"Farnsworth Jerry","display_date":"1895–1983","begin_date":"1895","end_date":"1983","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500042553","wikidata_id":"Q16010351","popularity":0.0764872521246459,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:47.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:32:01.278-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/413/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/413/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"412","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":412,"topgoose_id":2141,"tms_id":412,"display_name":"Manny Farber","sort_name":"Farber Manny","display_date":"1917–2008","begin_date":"1917","end_date":"2008","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500106182","wikidata_id":"Q373481","popularity":0.1048158640226629,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:46.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:31:01.216-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/412/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/412/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"8136","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":8136,"topgoose_id":2139,"tms_id":8136,"display_name":"Claire Falkenstein","sort_name":"Falkenstein Claire","display_date":"1908–1997","begin_date":"1908","end_date":"1997","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500023524","wikidata_id":"Q5125198","popularity":0.11614730878186968,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:45.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:29:02.566-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/8136/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/8136/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"15325","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":15325,"topgoose_id":2138,"tms_id":15325,"display_name":"Loretta Fahrenholz","sort_name":"Fahrenholz Loretta","display_date":"1981–","begin_date":"1981","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500475382","wikidata_id":"Q28935103","popularity":0.0679886685552408,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:44.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:28:01.749-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/15325/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/15325/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"411","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":411,"topgoose_id":2137,"tms_id":411,"display_name":"Alfeo Faggi","sort_name":"Faggi Alfeo","display_date":"1885–1966","begin_date":"1885","end_date":"1966","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500487279","wikidata_id":"Q52148626","popularity":0.10198300283286119,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:10:43.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:27:01.197-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/411/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/411/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"546","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":546,"topgoose_id":2136,"tms_id":546,"display_name":"Robert Gwathmey","sort_name":"Gwathmey Robert","display_date":"1903–1988","begin_date":"1903","end_date":"1988","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500004279","wikidata_id":"Q7345013","popularity":0.13031161473087818,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:53.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:26:02.006-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/546/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/546/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"9230","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":9230,"topgoose_id":2134,"tms_id":9230,"display_name":"Wade Guyton","sort_name":"Guyton Wade","display_date":"1972–","begin_date":"1972","end_date":"0","biography":"\u003cp\u003eWade Guyton’s polyptych painting\u003cem\u003e\n\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"/collection/works/36706\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUntitled \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003espans a monumental fifty feet and\nwas created specifically for the long,\nnarrow proportions of the gallery in Milan\nwhere it was first installed. Although\nmade on preprimed linen traditionally used\nby painters, the work employed neither\nbrush nor paint but was instead produced\nby a 44-inch-wide inkjet printer (Epson’s\n9600 UltraChrome model, to be exact).\nGuyton folded each of eight canvases in\nhalf lengthwise and fed them through the\nmachine twice, printing the same TIFF\nimage file—a stack of seven black bands—\nonce on each side; when unfolded and\nstretched on separate panels that are then\nhung five inches apart, the canvases\nmerge into a rhythmic, undulating expanse\nof black and white intervals.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUntitled \u003c/em\u003eextends a practice Guyton\ninitiated in 2002, when he first made “printer\ndrawings” using Microsoft Word and his\ndesktop printer. Though the scale of the\nprinter has increased, he continues to\nrely on everyday technology and software,\nexploiting their failures and limitations to\nproductive ends. For Guyton, a new\ntechnique often “starts as an accident and\nthen becomes a template for other things,\nor reproduces itself and generates its\nown logic until something else intervenes to\nchange it.” The repetition of the TIFF file in\u003cem\u003e\nUntitled\u003c/em\u003e acts as a yardstick that reveals\nthese incidents of the process: as the fabric\njams, the printer clogs or runs dry, or the\ngiant canvases smudge against the\nstudio floor, the initial image produces\ncountless variations. While the resulting\npainting formally recalls the elegance\nof high modernist abstraction, Guyton makes\na work that also offers a picture of how\nmachines, humans, and images\ninteract haltingly in the early twenty-\nfirst century.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500122494","wikidata_id":"Q3564983","popularity":0.38526912181303113,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:49.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:24:02.738-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/9230/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/9230/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"12428","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":12428,"topgoose_id":2133,"tms_id":12428,"display_name":"Walter Gutman","sort_name":"Gutman Walter","display_date":"1903–1986","begin_date":"1903","end_date":"1986","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500782950","wikidata_id":"Q98768276","popularity":0.0821529745042493,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:49.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:23:01.257-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/12428/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/12428/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"545","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":545,"topgoose_id":2132,"tms_id":545,"display_name":"Philip Guston","sort_name":"Guston Philip","display_date":"1913–1980","begin_date":"1913","end_date":"1980","biography":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Guston came to the United States from Canada as a young child in 1919 with his Russian émigré parents, who settled their family in California. In 1927 Guston enrolled in Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles, where, together with his friend and classmate \u003ca href=\"/artists/1039\"\u003eJackson Pollock\u003c/a\u003e, he was soon expelled for producing satirical broadsides. Continuing his artistic and intellectual explorations largely on his own, he began his formal career making figurative art in styles he explored until the late 1940s, including murals made in the 1930s concerned with political and social issues. After his permanent move to New York in 1949, the figures in Guston’s work gradually disappeared; his canvases became increasingly textured and his color palette more refined until his signature Abstract Expressionist style emerged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/collection/works/2241\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDial\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/a\u003edisplays Guston’s confident\napproach to pure abstraction, and\nthe painting glimmers from the use of\ngestural yet tempered brushstrokes.\nIt includes the artist’s characteristic pinks\nand reds, with the concentration of\ncolor and broader brushwork at the center\nof the canvas. The composition is\nstructured loosely upon a grid inspired\nby Piet Mondrian. Guston wrote about\nthe significance of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Dial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eto him, “This\npicture has a special importance for me\nas it is a culminating point of a certain\nperiod of my painting.” In the late 1960s\nGuston would follow a path back to\nfiguration, incorporating a cartoon-inflected\niconography into his painting. This\ntransformation, which shocked the art\nestablishment at the time, landed him\nat the forefront of the Neo-Expressionist\nmovement and a new, postmodern era.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500023901","wikidata_id":"Q701952","popularity":0.3909348441926346,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:46.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:22:03.735-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/545/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/545/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"544","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":544,"topgoose_id":2131,"tms_id":544,"display_name":"Roy Gussow","sort_name":"Gussow Roy","display_date":"1918–2011","begin_date":"1918","end_date":"2011","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500350191","wikidata_id":"Q7372876","popularity":0.0764872521246459,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:45.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:21:02.197-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/544/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/544/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"543","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":543,"topgoose_id":2130,"tms_id":543,"display_name":"Bernard Gussow","sort_name":"Gussow Bernard","display_date":"1881–1957","begin_date":"1881","end_date":"1957","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500143216","wikidata_id":"Q21288551","popularity":0.08781869688385269,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:44.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:20:01.455-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/543/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/543/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"542","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":542,"topgoose_id":2129,"tms_id":542,"display_name":"Louis Guglielmi","sort_name":"Guglielmi Louis","display_date":"1906–1956","begin_date":"1906","end_date":"1956","biography":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Guglielmi described\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"/collection/works/1776\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerror in\nBrooklyn\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, one of his best-known canvases, as “a premonition of war and tragedy.” The painting reflects the artist’s highly personal response to World War II and its impact on the American psyche. Guglielmi, who was born in Egypt to Italian parents and immigrated to the United States as a child, was one of a group of American painters who became known as the Social Surrealists. Along with artists such as \u003ca href=\"/artists/138\"\u003ePeter Blume\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"/artists/1066\"\u003eWalter Quirt\u003c/a\u003e, Guglielmi utilized the imagery and techniques of European Surrealism to address social and political themes during the 1930s and 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eTerror in Brooklyn\u003c/em\u003e Guglielmi envisions a foreboding scene. On a bleak urban street, three nuns are entrapped by a life-sized bell jar; they seem to cower in the presence of a bandaged pelvis that hangs, like a crucifix or relic, from a nearby building. Although painted in a meticulous realist style, the scene’s incongruous details—from the decapitated lamppost to the mirror reflection of the foreground scene in the background—evoke a disjunctive sense of reality. Wispy clouds streak across the sky, like the wake of aircraft, recalling the aerial blitz of London in 1940–41. The source for Guglielmi’s image was the intersection of Atlantic and East New York Avenues in Brooklyn, where buildings were being razed as part of an urban renewal project. The ruined buildings may have resembled photographs of the war’s devastation elsewhere, inspiring this enigmatic meditation on the looming threat of violence on American soil.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500009048","wikidata_id":"Q2036288","popularity":0.3286118980169972,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:43.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:19:02.025-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/542/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/542/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"541","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":541,"topgoose_id":2127,"tms_id":541,"display_name":"José Guerrero","sort_name":"Guerrero José","display_date":"1914–1991","begin_date":"1914","end_date":"1991","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500030839","wikidata_id":"Q1643179","popularity":0.10764872521246459,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:14.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:17:02.607-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/541/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/541/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"11598","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":11598,"topgoose_id":2126,"tms_id":11598,"display_name":"Evan Gruzis","sort_name":"Gruzis Evan","display_date":"1979–","begin_date":"1979","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500685726","wikidata_id":"Q5415405","popularity":0.042492917847025496,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:13.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:16:08.113-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/11598/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/11598/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"10175","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":10175,"topgoose_id":2122,"tms_id":10175,"display_name":"Mark Grotjahn","sort_name":"Grotjahn Mark","display_date":"1968–","begin_date":"1968","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500331760","wikidata_id":"Q1900084","popularity":0.11898016997167139,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:07.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:12:02.372-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/10175/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/10175/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"7515","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":7515,"topgoose_id":2121,"tms_id":7515,"display_name":"Jan Groth","sort_name":"Groth Jan","display_date":"1938–","begin_date":"1938","end_date":"0","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500041871","wikidata_id":"Q11978054","popularity":0.056657223796033995,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:07.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:11:01.455-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/7515/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/7515/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"4895","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":4895,"topgoose_id":2120,"tms_id":4895,"display_name":"Virgil William Grotfeldt","sort_name":"Grotfeldt Virgil William","display_date":"1948–2009","begin_date":"1948","end_date":"2009","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":false,"collection":true,"ulan_id":null,"wikidata_id":"Q79681509","popularity":0.056657223796033995,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:04.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:10:01.345-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/4895/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/4895/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"540","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":540,"topgoose_id":2119,"tms_id":540,"display_name":"George Grosz","sort_name":"Grosz George","display_date":"1893–1959","begin_date":"1893","end_date":"1959","biography":"\u003cp\u003eA cofounder of the Berlin Dada movement,\nGeorge Grosz is primarily known for his work\nof the 1910s and 1920s, which was motivated\nby a deep moral commitment to politically\nengaged art. In drawings, paintings, and\nprinted cartoons, he aimed biting satire at\nGerman political classes and bourgeois\nsociety, and energetically charted Berlin’s\nsinister underground. Featured centrally\nin the Nazis’ \u003cem\u003eDegenerate Art \u003c/em\u003eexhibition in\n1937, and stripped of his German citizenship\nin 1938, Grosz watched the Second World\nWar unfold from the United States, to\nwhich he had immigrated in 1933.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy 1946, when he began the series\nof watercolors that includes\u003ca href=\"/collection/works/1835\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;The Painter of\nthe Hole\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e Grosz’s style and attitude had\nchanged considerably. He described\nthe protagonists of the series in a letter to\nBertolt Brecht: “They consist of thin but\nfirm strokes. They cast no shadow, and are\nthemselves completely grey . . . because\neverything is grey there.” The lanky artist\nof\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;The Painter of the Hole\u003c/em\u003e sits among\nthe ruins of the city that in Grosz’s earlier\nworks had teemed with chaotic life. The\ndestruction of the city is the setting for a\nmore profound sense of loss, however, and\nthe work is as much about art as it is\nabout the physical devastations of war:\nwhere once Grosz had been convinced of\nthe political and social potential of art,\n\u003cem\u003eThe Painter of the Hole \u003c/em\u003eexpresses a weary\ndisillusionment with painting. Despite the\nnumerous attempts piled around his feet, all\nthat the painter can produce is a void in the\ncenter of the canvas; its status as garbage is\nconfirmed by the rat nibbling at its corner.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500014558","wikidata_id":"Q107194","popularity":0.7450424929178471,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:01.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:09:02.680-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/540/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/540/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"539","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":539,"topgoose_id":2118,"tms_id":539,"display_name":"Robert Grosvenor","sort_name":"Grosvenor Robert","display_date":"1937–2025","begin_date":"1937","end_date":"2025","biography":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Grosvenor grew up in Rhode Island\nand Arizona and studied art and design\nin Europe. In the 1960s he began to make\nlarge-scale, abstract geometric sculptures,\nexhibiting with a group of artists at the\npioneering Park Place gallery in New York.\nHis first one-person exhibition was\npresented there in 1965, and the following\nyear his sculpture was included in the Jewish\nMuseum’s landmark \u003cem\u003ePrimary Structures\u003c/em\u003e\nexhibition, one of the first museum\npresentations of Minimalist sculpture in the\nUnited States.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1966 Grosvenor made \u003ca href=\"/collection/works/1601\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e,\na reflective, maroon sculpture that is\ncantilevered from the ceiling and projects\ninto the room, hovering like a high-speed\nvehicle trapped in the confines of an\ninterior space. Titled after one of the Canary\nIslands, \u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e, like all of Grosvenor’s\nsculpture, has a strong material presence.\nThe pristine form and lacquer-covered\nfiberglass surface suggest an industrial,\nmachine-crafted object, but this work was\nactually made by hand. \u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e was\nconstructed specifically for the dimensions\nof the Dwan Gallery in Los Angeles, where\nit was first shown in 1966; its horizontal\nstructure and the relationship it creates\nbetween the ceiling, floor, and viewer\nare significant formal elements of the work.\nThe perspectival quality of this sculpture\nis difficult to discern in a photograph;\n\u003cem\u003eTenerife\u003c/em\u003e is experienced most fully in person\nas one’s vantage point shifts within\nthe space. The geometric structure of\nGrosvenor’s early work is often associated\nwith a Minimalist sensibility, and his use\nof horizontal planes is reminiscent of Frank\nLloyd Wright’s design concepts. Yet it\nis the material and structural ambiguity,\nformal sophistication, and spatially\nastonishing experience of Grosvenor’s\nsculpture that makes it distinctive.\u003c/p\u003e","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500053771","wikidata_id":"Q15432022","popularity":0.1643059490084986,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:00.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:08:06.169-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/539/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/539/exhibitions"}}},{"id":"537","type":"artist","attributes":{"id":537,"topgoose_id":2117,"tms_id":537,"display_name":"Sidney Gross","sort_name":"Gross Sidney","display_date":"1921–1969","begin_date":"1921","end_date":"1969","biography":"","on_view":false,"artport":false,"biennial":true,"collection":true,"ulan_id":"500484396","wikidata_id":"Q22086722","popularity":0.1529745042492918,"created_at":"2017-08-30T17:01:00.000-04:00","updated_at":"2026-10-12T03:07:01.846-04:00","links":{"artworks":"/api/artists/537/artworks","exhibitions":"/api/artists/537/exhibitions"}}}],"meta":{"total":7003},"links":{"prev":null,"next":"https://whitney.org/api/artists?page=2","first":"https://whitney.org/api/artists?page=1","last":"https://whitney.org/api/artists?page=234"}}